Mauer der Toten

Mauer Der Toten (Mauer Dea Toten, "in German" is a zombie map that appears in Call of Duty: Black Ops Cold War. The map was released on July 15, 2021 as part of the Season Four Reloaded update.

Contents

Overview [ ]

The action of the map "Mauer Der Toten" is held in the East Berlin checkpoint Charlie, near the wall of Berlin, and the invasion of zombies approved by Alexandra Valentina attacks a big city.

With the release of Mauer Der Toten, Mule Kick, which has been added back to Die Maschine, Firebase Z, Outbeak's Der Wunderfizz machine gun, has returned as an extra. In addition, a new mysterious weapon called Conversion-Ready Binary Repeater-Standard appears on the map and can be upgraded to three original versions. Along with CRBR-S, a new tactical gear called LT53 KAZIMIR has been focused on this work, and all maps can now be purchased in a rare large drop or craft delivery.

Features [ ]

Weapons [ ]

Diamattirare-750 points (flat on the 5th floor) Hauer 77rare-1000 points (destroyed penthouse) Gallo SA12rare-1000 points (Hotel No. 301) Mp5rare-250 points (clothes factory) AK-74Urare-250 points (cityscape of East Berlin) Type 63rare-1500 points (military tent) KSP45 typerare-2250 points (supermarket) M16rare-1500 points (ghost station) Creator 6rare-1750 points (safe house) Milan 821rare-2250 points (power room) XM4rare-1750 points (sewer access) RPDrare-2250 points (access to sewerage) Stainer 63rare-2250 points (West Berlin Street) QBZ-83rare-2750 points ("DEATH STREAK) Perinton 703rare-3000 points ("Explosive Suite) PMR 14Epic-3500 points (secret laboratory)

Perks [ ]

Temporary perception(Added in Season 5 via Windfiz) PhD slider(Added in Season 6 via Der Wunderfizz)

Easter Eggs [ ]

Main Quest [ ]

Home Note: Tinsmith's Heart

The main quest of Mauer Der Toten is called "Heart of the Tinsmith" in Dark Ops, executed Krafkenko's order to the captured Requiem attack unit, closed the Berlin's dark ether portal, and Alexandra Valen. He orders to make an inverted warhead to keep Tina.

Weaponry Easter Egg [ ]

• Klaus can get two parts and start by attaching a chain to a chain in a no n-dangerous area. When launched, Klaus acts as a Civil Protector and an AI companion like A. D. A. M., followed by the player and exterminates the zombies.
  • Klaus's remote control can still change the player's tactical connector and send it to the selected space. After that, Klaus returns to a no n-modified house chair for charging. After that, you can resume the charging of Klaus by consuming 2, 000 essence. In addition to "Safe House", you can find three wireless receivers for the call of Klaus: Battle tent, rooftop of covers, west Berlin Street.
  • Two parts:
    • Near the barricade door in the hotel room 305, you can rotate the zombies by rotating the zombies with the support of the brain rotten. The zombie of the face breaks the barricade and opens the door. The player approaches the bed, releases his hand from the cervix of Jack's corpse, and gets it.
    • You can get a battery by solving a reddish hunter that usually appears in the 10th round.
    • Collect satellite plates in the land of the land, head to the sewing factory, and attach the plate to the empty update station.
    • Don't let Klaus defeat 45 zombies. Then the monitor of the modernized station of the sewing factory will light up green. If you order Klaus to go to this station, the waves of protection will begin. At the end of this wave, Klaus receives the first value and receives the first XM4-Upgrade pack apricot.
    • After this, send the Klaus to the cabinet in the switch control room. He opens the cabinet and you receive the lantern. Use this lantern to find the sign of the "section" in two boxes out of the six electric boxes on the entire map. The box is located on the 5th floor apartment, the hotel's living room, ghost station, technical servistnel, West Berlin Street, and explosive rooms. After that, if Klaus is headed to the box with an emblem, you will notice two cosmetics disks and open the box.
    • Once the disk is available, you will order Klaus to run to the modernization station of the sewing factory. When entering the dialogue with the car to install the disc, Klaus receives new cosmetics and XM4 is added. To get the latest update, repeat this procedure.
    • First, start Klaus and buy a torch (the same procedure as the above memo).
    • Using the torch, the player is required to find three sets of two quantities hidden in three walls in the correct order:
      • Sewing factory
      • Service passage
      • supermarket

      Musical Easter Egg [ ]

      • The Amoeba of the US group "Youth" can be activated by collecting three cassettes hidden in any location on the map.
        • In the sewing factory, on top of a mannequin.
        • On a shelf in an electronics store on a street corner in East Berlin.
        • In "Explosion Problem", next to a vase in a cabinet.

        Miscellaneous Easter Eggs [ ]

        • The 6 parts of Mr. Pick's rabbit are located all over the map. Once you have collected each part, light up the Hasenbau building so that it stands out from the street corners of East Berlin:
          • Where are they?
            • On a table in room 304 of the hotel.
            • Near the pile of tires in the lane.
            • On a bench next to the Jaegerian in the bar.
            • Near the cardboard boxes at the sewer entrance.
            • On a shelf in a department store
            • On a shelf in front of the supermarket counter.
            • Where are they?
              • Behind the Könighaus sign.
              • On the second floor of the Könighaus building.
              • Behind the "Corber" sign.
              • In the average of three windows on the top floor of the Der Dozent building.
              • Behind the "Der Dozent" sign.

              Cutscenes [ ]

              In the secret laboratory of the End Station, the Requiem shock group succeeds in defeating Valentina and immobilizing her in the EE-1 conversion module.

              Valentina: You can't stop distance from a distance. It will absorb this world.

              One of the operators activates the module, killing Valentina and transferring his essence to process the Ethereum crystals into warheads.

              Kravchenko: Direct the warhead into the Dark Aether. Let's finish it off.

              I think this is the real reason I'm here. Well, it's important to feel necessary.

              Klaus takes the warhead and heads to the portal to the Dark Aether.

              The shock group "Requiem" succeeds in leading Klaus to the portal of the Dark Aether. The inverted nuclear warhead was able to close the portal near Berlin.

              Kravchenko: Requiem agent. Your ally, the Raptor, is now free. All that's left to do is pick it up.

              The shock group returns to the streets of East Berlin and releases the Raptor-1.

              Raptor 1: Oh, so Vidoc is here.

              Kravchenko: I really appreciate your help, but unfortunately, I can't let you leave Berlin. Farewell, Requiem.

              Still in the helicopter, Kravchenko begins firing at the Strike Group Hunters who have taken refuge in a shelter.

              Maxis: We're trying to help you, but get ready to move. Hurry. Get on the roof.

              The shock group leaves the street and descends onto the roof of a building while Kravchenko flies in from above. Once on the roof, the shock group begins firing at the helicopter.

              A dark ether portal appears, a group of shock enters it, and Krakchenko shoots down. They fall into the room, Maxis contains their eyes so that they do not close the portal with their own power, and shine their eyes. When his power is small, the portal is locked and falls on the floor. Beside it was Orihime and Rot Wiler. When Maxis looks at the video camera, the video stops temporarily and demonstrates the video on TV-TV. A man looks at the video and reports a certain number of services in the Requiem Group's notebook.

              -Valentine is no longer considered a job. -The Scout Klaus fulfilled his purpose.

              The man prepares a bite and removes the mug.

              -Janus-The plan is now having the opportunity to realize it freely. -Maxis gives the action to be solved.

              The circle is the "Requiem" logo and the word "the world's best director!"

              -She power is increasing.

              Transcript [ ]

              Home Note: Mauer Dear Toen / Transcript

              Quotes [ ]

              Home Note: Mauer Dea Tone/ Quote

              Intel [ ]

              Home Note: Mauer Dear Tone/ Intelligence

              Rea l-time excerpt from intelligence Mauer Dear Toen.

              100 Zombies slot kgb

              Follow T V-Trops

              To arrange this, you need to enter the system for you. If you do not have an account, access the website. Personal computer IBM " Platform

              It is the official exit of the international business machine for the desktop computer market for the IBM personal computer (the title "5150" in the internal numbering system IBM). 5100 Board AP L-Machine and Display Writer Text Microcessor, these past KRUIPS had something to push to compete with Apple if they did not succeed. In 1980, in 1980, they trusted the IBM office engineer group in Vocalaton, Florida, and gave them extraordinary freedom in system development. < SPAN> The Dark ether portal appears, a group of shock enters it, and Kraphenko shoots down. They fall into the room, Maxis contains their eyes so that they do not close the portal with their own power, and shine their eyes. When his power is small, the portal is locked and falls on the floor. Beside it was Orihime and Rot Wiler. When Maxis looks at the video camera, the video stops temporarily and demonstrates the video on TV-TV. A man looks at the video and reports a certain number of services in the Requiem Group's notebook.

              -Valentine is no longer considered a job. -The Scout Klaus fulfilled his purpose.

              The man prepares a bite and removes the mug.

              -Janus-The plan is now having the opportunity to realize it freely. -Maxis gives the action to be solved.

              The circle is the "Requiem" logo and the word "World's best director!"

              -She power is increasing.

              Home Note: Mauer Dear Toen / Transcript

              Home Note: Mauer Dea Tone/ Quote

              Home Note: Mauer Dear Tone/ Intelligence

              Rea l-time excerpt from intelligence Mauer Dear Toen.

              The Rise of the Clones

              Follow T V-Trops

              To arrange this, you need to enter the system for you. If you do not have an account, access the website.

              Personal computer IBM "

              It is the official exit of the international business machine for the desktop computer market for the IBM personal computer (the title "5150" in the internal numbering system IBM). 5100 Board AP L-Machine and Display Writer Text Microcessor, these past KRUIPS had something to push to compete with Apple if they did not succeed. In 1980, in 1980, they trusted the IBM office engineer group in Vocalaton, Florida, and gave them extraordinary freedom in system development. A dark ether portal appears, a group of shock enters it, and Krakchenko shoots down. They fall into the room, Maxis contains their eyes so that they do not close the portal with their own power, and shine their eyes. When his power is small, the portal is locked and falls on the floor. Beside it was Orihime and Rot Wiler. When Maxis looks at the video camera, the video stops temporarily and demonstrates the video on TV-TV. A man looks at the video and reports a certain number of services in the Requiem Group's notebook.

              -Valentine is no longer considered a job. -The Scout Klaus fulfilled his purpose.

              The man prepares a bite and removes the mug.

              -Janus-The plan is now having the opportunity to realize it freely. -Maxis gives the action to be solved.

              IBM Tries To Win Back The Crowd

              The circle is the "Requiem" logo and the word "World's best director!"

              -She power is increasing.

              Home Note: Mauer Dear Toen / Transcript

              Home Note: Mauer Dea Tone/ Quote

              Local Bus Wars

              Home Note: Mauer Dear Tone/ Intelligence

              Rea l-time excerpt from intelligence Mauer Dear Toen.

              Follow T V-Trops

              To arrange this, you need to enter the system for you. If you do not have an account, access the website.

              Personal computer IBM "

              Wintel Comes And Wins

              It is the official exit of the international business machine for the desktop computer market for the IBM personal computer (the title "5150" in the internal numbering system IBM), and was the most successful. 5100 Board AP L-Machine and Display Writer Text Microcessor, these past KRUIPS had something to push to compete with Apple if they did not succeed. In 1980, in 1980, they trusted the IBM office engineer group in Vocalaton, Florida, and gave them extraordinary freedom in system development.

              In August 1981, what was actually noticed was incomparable to the IBM machine that had been made. Like the Apple II, almost all IBM PCs were made of read y-made parts and were highly expandable. In terms of system design, the Bocalaton team examines many microcessors (including the Micro processor for IBM personal ROMP CPU notebooks (including the early RISC chip, which was the predecessor of Power and Motorola 68000 architecture)). We arrived at 1 6-bit 8088. ROMP was still experimental, and IBM was concerned that a large amount of 68000 would not be available. Apart from this, 8088 could reuse almost all the auxiliary chips created by Intel for 8085, and could actually simplify the motherboard system. In order to guarantee the continuous supply of 8088, IBM and Intel adopted Advanced Micro Debiaz (AMD) as the second source, which was a reasonable decision.

              Another major impact on the design of the IBM PC was the S-100 machine world. The S-100 machine was based on the Intel 8080 (or later Zylog Z80) and the "S-100" bus introduced with pioneering Altea 8800. These machines run a CP/M operating system invented by software developers Gary Kildall in 1974, and various min i-computers for Digital Equipment's PDP series. The operating system was indirectly based. Despite the fact that the S-100 machine was not as "smart" as Apple, there was demand among followers and traders, and CP/M applications for businesses such as Wordstar and DBase had already been on the market.

              The S-100 machine is a huge server-like box, with many slots inside, connected to the center back plane where power and data signals flow. The shelf itself was huge and mostly square. To save space, IBM decided to omit the S-100 back plane and use an Apple II style card instead. IBM also added a sheet metal support to the back of the card to give it stability. Since the PC used a stabilized switching power supply, the secondary regulator used in the S-100 board was no longer needed. Note: In the PCI era, the number of ICs that focused on 3 and 3 volts and less increased, so secondary regulators could be seen, but at that time the regulator was considerably smaller and the 1970s style, which manufactures iron cans. It worked much lower than a large regulator.

              Departing from the Apple II precedent, and as an improvement on the serial console with the S-100 machine, IBM decided not to install the graphics system on the motherboard, but to provide two additional cards: the Monochrome Display Adapter (MDA), also called MDPA because it also had a parallel port for connecting a printer for business users, and the Color/Graphics Adapter (CGA) for gaming, teaching, and emulation of other IBM color-compatible hardware. This was to give buyers a choice of video devices and to save space on the motherboard. The MDA was widely praised for its exceptional clarity and readability, especially when combined with the original IBM 5151 monitor, for which the MDA's effective resolution was 720x350, while the CGA, with its barely adequate resolution of 320x200 (and with a strange, unnatural palette on top of it) and its distorted monochrome resolution of 640x200, was almost universally derided. In contrast, the CGA's composite mode supported 16 colors with NTSC artifacts, similar to the Commodore 64 and Apple's, as shown in this video from The 8-Bit Guy. IBM assumed that, like other home computers of the time, most people would use composite mode on televisions using RF modulators or dedicated composite monitors. Many of the early PC games

              Graphics Boost: VESA, Super VGA, graphics accelerators and the rise of 3D

              A genius PC engineer decided to install both MDA and CGA cards in one machine and created the 1st most in the situation of multi-monitor PC model. This device was expensive to achieve two monitors and also difficult to set up because MDA and CGA cards required the ANSI. SYS driver to be loaded. SY S-driver had to be loaded into memory and it was called command mode to select the appropriate monitor, and it demanded more space on the table than normal devices of such time, almost every software bag with a profile (in DTP programs, engineering programs and a host of development programs) had the opportunity to use such excellent qualities as installation. Until years, almost all consumer class programs, especially games, were designed for the fact that only one CGA card was installed, which had a strange effect on the memory used mainly by the MDA card. Because of this, starting software on a PC with both cards installed caused all kinds of problems, from glitches to system failures. As a result, these configurations were handed over to the experts and generally used only for workstation class cars until Windows 98 revived the idea, proposing a different GPU and official help to HP.

              In addition, people living in PAL regions for example are not experiencing composite CGA as it should be. PAL's superior coloring is often presented as its strong aspect, and in the cases provided it is widely advertised as PAL is not subject to relics, it is still considered its flaw, and the result shows the conclusion of composite is that the same unnatural color palette is actually displayed on RGB monitors in PAL registers. Note, actually another trick was rudimentary for this. The Sinclair Research Group was able to create a method used for the ZX Spectrum, which is considered a PAL machine. However, IBM chose not to use this method on CGA cards in PAL regions. Almost all copies of PCs sold in these regions (including some in the United States) did not have composite video output. This is comforted by the fact that the PC-worn lots sold in PAL still had CGA cards with 60 Hz NTSC encoding, while NTSC playback or composite video-output literally never existed in this area, which basically meant that multi-system TVs, including those with NTSC playback or composite video-output, literally never existed in this area. Note: You can buy multi-system monitors, but they are expensive and no longer available.

              There are other tricks to get more colors out of a CGA card, not all of which are officially documented. Note that the 160x100 mode is mentioned briefly in some versions of the IBM CGA Technical Reference, and has its own limitations; the 160x100 trick requires reprogramming the text mode to provide a 16-color graphics mode, doesn't work on some cloned chipsets (especially those driving some early laptop and notebook LCD panels), and doesn't work on all EGA or VGA notebook cards due to differences in the CRT controller implementation; some VGA cards work in CGA emulation mode, which eliminates this issue; switching palettes requires precise timing, and often doesn't work unless the processor is a real Intel 8088 running at the original 4, 77 MHz. But it wasn't until the EGA came along in 1984 that anything more suitable appeared, so everyone was still using the EGA. The EGA solved the CGA problem by providing 16 colors through a purer RGB link. The base system had the same 16KB (expandable to 64KB) as the Apple II, but thanks to the Intel 8088 processor it could be expanded up to 640KB, with an address space of 1MB (huge for a desktop machine in 1981). It was possible to go beyond 640KB using a combination of backfill and "UMA" RAM, but either method required the user to either install an additional 128KB of memory in the system, bringing the on-board RAM to 768KB, or to use an EMS card (like some Nintendo Entertainment System game cartridges) that used banked memory to access the additional memory. Memory cards were slow by today's standards, but still faster than programs could get data to and from the even slower floppy disk drives. And while they were not cheap, some business and professional programs could use memory cards to speed up data processing, so they sold well until the arrival of the PS/2, which had a large memory limit. EMS cards were used because memory above 640K was represented as expanded memory by the EMM386 program driver, but newer programs supported direct access to this amount of memory.

              In 1983, IBM announced the XT model following the PC, removing the cassette interface, increasing the expansion slot (additional auxiliary expansion chassis), and attaching a hard disk. The PCJR, which was still on display in 1983, is a significantly reduced version of XT for use at home, and the main dissatisfaction with the popularity is 16 colors of 320x200 graphic mode and buil t-in 4 voice PSG (Texas (Texas). ・ The addition of Instruments's personal TI-99 series and the same model used in more famous Colecovision) has influenced these two, one of the most popular clone series, TANDY 1000. I gave it. In 1984, a PC/AT equipped with a 80286 microcessor and a complete 1 6-bit architecture appeared, and the Enhanced Graphics Adapter (EGA) probably caused a 1 6-color graphics on a simple PC (resolution is up to 640x350. However, the better resolution is 320x200 and 320x240). As a result, a beautiful application, and even entertainment software, has begun to progress. < SPAN> In 1983, IBM announced the XT model following the PC, removing the cassette interface, increasing the expansion slot (additional auxiliary extension chassis), and installing a hard disk. The PCJR, which was still on display in 1983, is a significantly reduced version of XT for use at home, and the main dissatisfaction with the popularity is 16 colors of 320x200 graphic mode and buil t-in 4 voice PSG (Texas (Texas). ・ The addition of Instruments's personal TI-99 series and the same model used in more famous Colecovision) has influenced these two, one of the most popular clone series, TANDY 1000. I gave it. In 1984, a PC/AT equipped with a 80286 microcessor and a complete 1 6-bit architecture appeared, and the Enhanced Graphics Adapter (EGA) probably caused a 1 6-color graphics on a simple PC (resolution is up to 640x350. However, the better resolution is 320x200 and 320x240). As a result, a beautiful application, and even entertainment software, has begun to progress. In 1983, IBM announced the XT model following the PC, removing the cassette interface, increasing the expansion slot (additional auxiliary expansion chassis), and attaching a hard disk. The PCJR, which was still on display in 1983, is a significantly reduced version of XT for use at home, and the main dissatisfaction with the popularity is 16 colors of 320x200 graphic mode and buil t-in 4 voice PSG (Texas (Texas). ・ The addition of Instruments's personal TI-99 series and the same model used in more famous Colecovision) has influenced these two, one of the most popular clone series, TANDY 1000. I gave it. In 1984, a PC/AT equipped with a 80286 microcessor and a complete 1 6-bit architecture appeared, and the Enhanced Graphics Adapter (EGA) probably caused a 1 6-color graphics on a simple PC (resolution is up to 640x350. However, the better resolution is 320x200 and 320x240). As a result, a beautiful application, and even entertainment software, has begun to progress.

              Initially, IBM PC had nothing to provide to general users or gamers. Apple] [And Atari 800, expensive, expensive, not bad graphics, and for business users. However, because of the name of IBM, companies that had already used IBM equipment could be purchased with confidence, resulting in a machine purchasing machine. The system announced by the machine caused a huge ad d-on by an external manufacturer. Dozens of manufacturers sold memory extension cards, hard disk drives upgrades, and almost all others. Eventually, other computer manufacturers began studying PC systems and began to create a copy of a PC system that operates without any problems. However, there was only one of them. IBM owns a copyright license that is called "ROM BIOS", which was easy to make a hardware clone, but it was much difficult to make a ROM clone, and it was completely correct. There were only a few manufacturers (and the manufacturers who worked hard, for example, took legal measures). Later, as in the 1983 compuck portable, 100 % IBM compatible PCs appeared, and software companies like Phoenix, most of the BIOS and DOS in the Olivetti M Series and the US AT & Amp; Amp; T. We provided BIOS code to Samsung and Panasonic. < SPAN> Initially, IBM PC had nothing to provide to general users or gamers. Apple] [And Atari 800, expensive, expensive, not bad graphics, and for business users. However, because of the name of IBM, companies that had already used IBM equipment could be purchased with confidence, resulting in a machine purchasing machine. The system announced by the machine caused a huge ad d-on by an external manufacturer. Dozens of manufacturers sold memory extension cards, hard disk drives upgrades, and almost all others. Eventually, other computer manufacturers began studying PC systems and began to create a copy of a PC system that operates without any problems. However, there was only one of them. IBM owns a copyright license that is called "ROM BIOS", which was easy to make a hardware clone, but it was much difficult to make a ROM clone, and it was completely correct. There were only a few manufacturers (and the manufacturers who worked hard, for example, took legal measures). Later, as in the 1983 compuck portable, 100 % IBM compatible PCs appeared, and software companies like Phoenix, most of the BIOS and DOS in the Olivetti M Series and the US AT & Amp; Amp; T. We provided BIOS code to Samsung and Panasonic. Initially, IBM PC had nothing to provide to general users or gamers. Apple] [And Atari 800, expensive, expensive, not bad graphics, and for business users. However, because of the name of IBM, companies that had already used IBM equipment could be purchased with confidence, resulting in a machine purchasing machine. The system announced by the machine caused a huge ad d-on by an external manufacturer. Dozens of manufacturers sold memory extension cards, hard disk drives upgrades, and almost all others. Eventually, other computer manufacturers began studying PC systems and began to create a copy of a PC system that operates without any problems. However, there was only one of them. IBM owns a copyright license that is called "ROM BIOS", which was easy to make a hardware clone, but it was much difficult to make a ROM clone, and it was completely correct. There were only a few manufacturers (and the manufacturers who worked hard, for example, took legal measures). Later, as in the 1983 compuck portable, 100 % IBM compatible PCs appeared, and software companies like Phoenix, most of the BIOS and DOS in the Olivetti M Series and the US AT & Amp; Amp; T. We provided BIOS code to Samsung and Panasonic.

              IBM had another problem: Microsoft. When developing the PC on its own, IBM decided it would be better to license an external operating system than to try to write it itself, and their first choice was CP/M. However, when they tried to meet with Gary Kildall to get the license, he wasn't there to sign the papers. All the details are unclear and have become something of a legend, but in the end IBM didn't get CP/M. What they did get, however, was MS-DOS, the product of the disappointment of another little-known developer of CP/M's SINT software. MS-DOS started its life as what was generally considered a "quick and dirty" CP/M clone, written by a developer named Tim Patterson at Seattle Computer Products.

              SCP was primarily a hardware division, whose business was modernizing the aforementioned S-100 by adding memory, among other things. When the 8086 came on the market, they wanted to use it, and quickly built a prototype. Digital Research had long promised to make a port of CP/M for the 8086/8088, but never did until it was too late, and Patterson decided to write his own and call it "86-dos" or "Q-dos" (depending on who you ask). Microsoft, nearly fooling IBM, said they already had something ready (it was called Xenix, but it was a Unix OS, and IBM didn't accept it). The Xenix SCO Group was then sold), paid SCP, paid SCP and Patherson $50, 000 for the rights to 86-DOS, and released it with some edits as MS-DOS/PC-DOS 1. 0. Microsoft also included language in their contract with IBM that said they had the right to license MS-DOS to anyone without prior alignment with IBM. This was a major blow to IBM, as clone manufacturers American Megatrends, Award, and Phoenix opened up their hardware, and Microsoft manufactured the MS-DOS hardware, completing the complete package.

              Microsoft had envisioned MS-DOS as a universal operating system (like Unix) where applications could be run once and run anywhere, but the programming interface was so bad that many software developers eschewed it and went straight to hardware decisions. Even Microsoft itself was guilty of this. Early versions of Microsoft Flight Simulator were often used as a compatibility standard. Many manufacturers released MS-DOS-based computers, but they all failed in the marketplace because they were not fully compatible with IBM.

              Lotus 1-2-3 is a calculator that became an IBM PC's "Killer Application", but it was written on an assembler and accessed directly to PC hardware, so it was highly evaluated at its own speed. In fact, before Lotus 1-2-3 was released, all clones were required to be highly compatible with hardware support, and in effect, it became a litmus test paper indicating the possibility of comparison with PCs. It means. This affected the evolution of the platform hardware, especially the barrier of 640k.

              The IBM compatible machine was so for the individual computer industry, as VHS for the video deck in the 1980s. But some other platforms had the opportunity to be a more technical level than all the other, which was a huge amount of content that was cheap for him. Similarly, comparing the software and hardware-hardware that was available for PCs is meaningless. PCs (or more basically, MS-Do on the X86 microcessors) have been de facto stereotypes, all of which are unified, and are proven to be an invasion option for new companies that enter the computer market. Ta. Clone's early manufacturers were Eagles, Colombia Data Products, and Compass. Many small businesses using inexpensive components from Asia attracted attention.

              Gaming audio: Here comes the band

              Regarding the game, Tandy 1000 has become a turntable. Tandy 1000, a clone of unfortunate IBM PCJR, is highly compatible with PCs, and maintains improved graphics and sounds by supporting regular extended cards instead of additional devices. It was noted by this. The transplant of the game "King Squest Justy" has proved that PCs have the ability to become a real game platform. In the late 1980s, Komodor 64 was mounted on a PC in the United States, and inexpensive items such as Tandy 1000 and reservation model D were destroyed by family computers. In fact, PC bazaar, including Comodor and Atari, was very powerful, and they released their personal copies of PCs.

              Since 1984, Bazaar Clone has died in a blink of an eye. Taiwan, China, sometimes sunrise, sometimes sunrise, new companies that manufacture a PC based on the inexpensive global "Motherboard" developed in a factory in Korea and Malaysia appear everywhere, and the company's Portable Series. Thanks to the luck of Desk Pro, he became a Fortune 500 listed company. In 1986, the Compack launched his first PC equipped with a 3 2-bit micro processor 80386 and overtook IBM. Between the clone forces and the rapid rise of the compass, IBM decided to compete with functions (as expected), and propose a new stereotype controlled by it.

              The result was a personal system/2 (ps/2 for short, a series of new PC s-based machines, which were intentionally different from the conventional PC standard. This new machine is called "ISA"-"Industry Standard Architecture" because IBM uses a new expansion bus called "Micro Channel" and has claimed the trademark "AT". Although it was faster than), it was not compatible at all and was protected by IBM patents, so those who wanted to use this had to pay royalties through a long license process. Another important feature of the PS/2 lines is the new video subsystem called the video graphics array (VGA), with a large upgrade of EGA, a new 640x480 hig h-resolution mode (currently Windows 2000) Simultaneously displayed analog RGB video of 1 8-bit palette (262. 000 colors or more), and up to 256 colors of 1 8-bit palette (262. 000 colors or more), and up to 256 colors. VGAs were enthusiastically accepted by other industries, and 100 % VGA compatible was a prerequisite for graphic card manufacturers. Note: Many old "VGA" cards are simply EGA cards equipped with a DAC, and later VGA cards, especially cheap ones, were a bad copy of IBM ASIC, so it did not operate or did not operate. I did it. that's right.

              VGA was very popular among game developers. The lack of technologies such as sprite, Blitz, and DMA scan was supplemented with the existence of hig h-speed and eas y-t o-use video memories with customizability (256 hacked color mode, resolution of 360x480). However, the basic 320x200x256 mode is the easiest and hig h-speed, tim e-consuming 1 6-color mode bank switching, because the memory window fits in the 8086 64KB segment, and the adventure full of Sierra and Lucasarts actions. Many pioneering games, from the late 1980s to the early 1990s, such as Wolfenstein 3-D and DOOM, were written in this mode. In contrast, 640x480x16 mode is very popular with early graphic OS and DOS GUI programs, and is still a basic video compatible mode in many OSs. The IBM innovation after the XGA of 1024x768x16 was a somewhat standard mode in the chaos known as "Super VGA".

              Until now, most computer gamers were satisfied with the old key key sound except for those who had three tandy 1000 sound chips inherited from PCJR, but the sounds in the late 1980s were regardless of IBM. It was rapidly improved. Sound Card Adlib and Roland MT-32 have added synthetic music to computer games and were widely supported from the late 1980s to the early 1990s, but Creative Labs Sound Blaster represented by 1989 is digitized sound. Added. This is an irresistible additional element for ful l-fledged computer gamers, combined with adlib.

              However, the business of the microchannel did not work so well. Only a few PC manufacturers, including NCRs, were only a few PC manufacturers, but the answer and tandy also joined this bus, and some thir d-party peripheral device manufacturers manufactured MCA compatible devices, but most of them are. It was developed by IBM and was made by collecting additional devices sequentially. IBM insulted the PC market with a luxury item, and compass and several other PC manufacturers announced a competition standard called EISA for abbreviated ISA. EISA has added the bandwidth to 3 2-bit and added the support of the "Reading Band" (such as making the processor can do other processing while transferring data from the disk). Note: ISA also supported a rudimentary leading band, but only one device could be used at a time, and while compatible with the conventional ISA card, DM A-controller and MC A-style sem i-automatic configuration. It often caused problems with other cards. EISA was mainly widespread on hig h-performance servers and PCs, and table computers did not need such bandwidth yet. The automatic setup system was later transplanted to ISA as "Plug and Play" as part of the development before Windows 95 appeared. < SPAN> Most computer gamers were satisfied with old key kiiky sounds, except for those who have three tandy 1000 sound chips inherited from PCJR, but the sound of the late 1980s is IBM. It was rapidly improved regardless of. Sound Card Adlib and Roland MT-32 have added synthetic music to computer games and were widely supported from the late 1980s to the early 1990s, but Creative Labs Sound Blaster represented by 1989 is digitized sound. Added. This is an irresistible additional element for ful l-fledged computer gamers, combined with adlib.

              However, the business of the microchannel did not work so well. Only a few PC manufacturers, including NCRs, were only a few PC manufacturers, but the answer and tandy also joined this bus, and some thir d-party peripheral device manufacturers manufactured MCA compatible devices, but most of them are. It was developed by IBM and was made by collecting additional devices sequentially. IBM insulted the PC market with a luxury item, and compass and several other PC manufacturers announced a competition standard called EISA for abbreviated ISA. EISA has added the bandwidth to 3 2-bit and added the support of the "Reading Band" (such as making the processor can do other processing while transferring data from the disk). Note: ISA also supported rudimentary leading bands, but only one device can be used at a time, and while compatible with the conventional ISA card, DM A-controller and MC A-style sem i-automatic configuration. It often caused problems with other cards. EISA was mainly widespread on hig h-performance servers and PCs, and table computers did not need such bandwidth yet. The automatic setup system was later transplanted to ISA as "Plug and Play" as part of the development before Windows 95 appeared. Until now, most computer gamers were satisfied with the old key key sound except for those who had three tandy 1000 sound chips inherited from PCJR, but the sounds in the late 1980s were regardless of IBM. It was rapidly improved. Sound Card Adlib and Roland MT-32 have added synthetic music to computer games and were widely supported from the late 1980s to the early 1990s, but Creative Labs Sound Blaster represented by 1989 is digitized sound. Added. This is an irresistible additional element for ful l-fledged computer gamers, combined with adlib.

              The PC today

              However, the business of the microchannel did not work so well. Only a few PC manufacturers, including NCRs, were only a few PC manufacturers, but the answer and tandy also joined this bus, and some thir d-party peripheral device manufacturers manufactured MCA compatible devices, but most of them are. It was developed by IBM and was made by collecting additional devices sequentially. IBM insulted the PC market with a luxury item, and compass and several other PC manufacturers announced a competition standard called EISA for abbreviated ISA. EISA has added the bandwidth to 3 2-bit and added support for the "Reading Band" (such as making the processor can do other processing while transferring data from the disk). Note: ISA also supported a rudimentary leading band, but only one device could be used at a time, and while compatible with the conventional ISA card, DM A-controller and MC A-style sem i-automatic configuration. It often caused problems with other cards. EISA was mainly widespread on hig h-performance servers and PCs, and table computers did not need such bandwidth yet. The automatic setup system was later transplanted to ISA as "Plug and Play" as part of the development of Windows 95.

              In the mi d-1990s, please refer to another on e-band scalen, Vesa, and the above note on the Super VGA local bus (abbreviated VLB), which is a full speed of Jesa's full speed 3 2-bit hig h-speed side. At the beginning of the VLB, it was developed for this purpose to ensure the update of the graphics micro processor to the system bus, but it was a temporary measure and did not last long. The main contradiction was that it was actually very deeply connected to the internal device of the 486 microcessesa that was actually developed. The Pentium was benefited by the completely different settings of the memory band, and the conversion between them was unfortunately popular. Apart from this, the specifications of the VLB were not completely fixed, and almost all manufacturers were modified. Most of the IDE controllers of this era generated their own synchro signals from VLB, and if they operate more than the controller, they could become luggage (such as interrupted). VLB had a mechanical problem. At the physical level, it was a regional connector with the highest density (and distant) close to the ISA-16 slot, so it could only be applied to a card with an absolute length (so it has a nickname that is "very long". Ta).

              In the end, Intel's new "Perferial Components Interconnect" (PCI) specification has defeated the "Local Tire War" thanks to its own platform agility and more domineering architecture. PCI was announced for the first time in 1992, and in 1995, the first car equipped with PCI 2. 0 attracted attention, literally BLB was born. The PCI once used a 12 4-pin connector (like a 1 6-bit MCA) with the highest density, and in fact, a short card in the ISA method was used. The difference from EISA is that PCI was not electrically compatible with ISA, but PCI cards had the opportunity to deal with ISA and VLB, and Intel made intentionally in implementation, In fact, almost all of the obstacles to the recruitment in the MCA have disappeared. The hig h-speed "To" Wide "version (66 MHz, 64 bits) was specified in the specifications and was not considered extra improvement. The PCI was widespread, and it was installed on no n-Inte r-based cars such as Mac and Sun, 1990. In the latter half of the age, it was finally recognized as a successor to IBM MCA.

              At the beginning of the new millennium, a new stereotype appeared - "Accelerated Graphics Port" (AGP). This standard had to complement PCI, not fix it, since PCI began to degrade the performance of GPUs. AGP held up for a certain number of reviews, but huge difficulties were due to the fact that some outdated cards did not have a chance to work with fresh motherboards, and conversely, due to the changes made at the end of the exposure to the standard. The AGP era was implemented serendipity, but was short-lived, for example, because the implementation of graphics microprocessors began to grow at an unprecedented rate, which soon put an end to AGP. But another tire fight began even further.

              In the early 2000s, another tie fight erupted, this one due to disagreements within a group of PCI-stereotype manufacturers. On the one hand, PCI-X, fully compatible with PCI, but by passing too large enough PCI slots, there was a stereotype that meant that PCI-X cards were longer and bulkier), on the other, PCI Express, promised only a fresh extension in name, but not electrically compatible with PCI (although it had the opportunity to deal with PCI tie). However, PCI-X was used with great help from Apple, Compaq, IBM, and Intel itself, and also countless equipment manufacturers supported PCI Express, PCI-X was used in IBM and Compaq servers, they were swiftly removed from production (along with Firewire, which was replaced by Thunderbolt and Apple cars as a result) when Apple crossed over into Intel-microprocessors in the mid-2000s. A few years later, IBM, essentially constrained by the sale of its computer fleet, discontinued its PS/2 and MCA lines in the mid-1990s, preferring to focus on the revived IBM PC brand (later renamed ThinkCenter) and its hugely successful line of ThinkPad notebook PCs, introduced in 1992. This marked the beginning of IBM's monopoly on the PC clone market, tipping the balance of power towards Microsoft, Intel and the clone makers.

              The arrival of Windows 3. 0 in 1990 was still made irrevocable by years of Falster's legal platform. They presented increasing demands on graphics equipment and drives, and the need for the best equipment alone stimulated the formation of the PC.

              Specifications:

              Another side effect of the introduction of Windows 3. 0 was the widespread use of the mouse in the personal computer market. Before Windows 3. 0, only a few personal computers had a mouse, and users worked exclusively with the keyboard. Until the late 1980s, the mouse was considered a novelty for those who did not need a graphical interface, for example users of DTP programs, and in many ways repeated the status quo of "digitizer" notebooks, graphical tablets, which were still only used in the field, and CAD systems that used pucks instead of styluses (devices that evoke memories of mice with target bars attached). In a dramatic turn of events, digitizing devices quickly fell out of use as Windows became more widespread, and CAD programs eventually abandoned DOS entirely in favor of Windows. The advent of text-based interfaces, or graphic interfaces displayed in text mode (sometimes called "TUIs"), for example, did not help much, since almost all of these interfaces were poor upgrades of existing applications, almost all of which were TUI-based interfaces. Applications ran just fine without a mouse. note For years, mouse manufacturers sold simple DOS-based paint programs like DR HALO and PC Paintbrush, simply to give the mouse a chance to light something on fire. Early versions of Windows were not very successful in the world. Another side effect of the introduction of Windows 3. 0 was the widespread use of the mouse in the personal computer market. Before Windows 3. 0, only a few personal computers had mice, and users worked exclusively with the keyboard. Until the late 1980s, the mouse was considered a novelty for those who did not need a graphical interface, for example users of DTP programs, and in many ways repeated the status quo of "digitizer" notebooks, graphical tablets, which were still only used in the field. CAD systems using a puck instead of a stylus (a device that evokes memories of a mouse with a target bar attached). In a dramatic turn of events, as Windows became more widespread, digitizing devices soon fell out of use, and CAD programs eventually abandoned DOS entirely in favor of Windows. For example, the advent of text-based interfaces and graphic interfaces displayed in text mode (sometimes called "TUI") did not help much. Almost all of these interfaces were poor upgrades to existing applications, almost all of which were TUI-based interfaces. The applications worked just fine without a mouse. note For years, mouse manufacturers sold simple DOS-based paint programs like DR HALO and PC Paintbrush, simply to give the mouse a chance to light something on fire. Early versions of Windows were not very successful in the world Another side effect of the introduction of Windows 3. 0 was the widespread use of the mouse in the personal computer market. Before Windows 3. 0, only a few personal computers had a mouse, and users worked exclusively with the keyboard. Until the late 1980s, the mouse was considered a novelty for those who did not need a graphical interface, for example users of desktop publishing programs, and in many ways repeated the status quo of "digitizer" notebooks, graphical tablets, which were still only used in the field. CAD systems that use a puck instead of a stylus (a device that recalls the mouse with a target bar attached). In a dramatic turn of events, digitizing devices quickly fell out of use as Windows became more widespread, and CAD programs eventually ditched DOS entirely for Windows. For example, the advent of text-based interfaces and text-mode graphical interfaces (sometimes called "TUIs") didn't help matters much, since almost all of these interfaces were poor upgrades to existing applications, almost all of which were TUI-based interfaces. Applications ran just fine without a mouse. Note: For years, mouse manufacturers sold simple DOS-based paint programs like DR HALO and PC Paintbrush, simply to give the mouse a chance to light something on fire. Early versions of Windows were not a huge success in the world.

              With the appearance of VESA local bands, and the appearance of PCIs from 1993 to 1995 and improving video, sound, data storage hardware, the PC is not a classic Bol t-o n-upgrade 8-bit computer, but a luxury RISC It looks like a workstation. The UNIX Work, which is expensive with the rise of the 1995 Pentium, the 1997 Pentium II and AMD K6, and the 1998 ACPI (applied programming interface), further ambiguous and inexpensive desktop computers. I was convinced that it worked like a station. In 1999, AMD added a 64-bit function to the PC, announcing the X86-64, which has revised some of the 80X86 drawbacks, and further advantageous transactions. The first processor with this set is Opteron released in 2003. < SPAN> VESA local bands, and the appearance of PCIs from 1993 to 1995 and improving video, sound, data storage hardware, PCs are not the classic 8-bit computers of bol t-o n-upgrades. It looks like a luxury RISC workstation. The UNIX Work, which is expensive with the rise of the 1995 Pentium, the 1997 Pentium II and AMD K6, and the 1998 ACPI (applied programming interface), further ambiguous and inexpensive desktop computers. I was convinced that it worked like a station. In 1999, AMD added a 64-bit function to the PC, announcing the X86-64, which has revised some of the 80X86 drawbacks, and further advantageous transactions. The first processor with this set is Opteron released in 2003. With the appearance of VESA local bands, and the appearance of PCIs from 1993 to 1995 and improving video, sound, data storage hardware, the PC is not a classic Bol t-o n-upgrade 8-bit computer, but a luxury RISC It looks like a workstation. The UNIX Work, which is expensive with the rise of the 1995 Pentium, the 1997 Pentium II and AMD K6, and the 1998 ACPI (applied programming interface), further ambiguous and inexpensive desktop computers. I was convinced that it worked like a station. In 1999, AMD added a 64-bit function to the PC, announcing the X86-64, which has revised some of the 80X86 drawbacks, and further advantageous transactions. The first processor with this set is Opteron released in 2003. This put Intel in a tough spot. Intel collaborated with Hewlett-Packard on a new 64-bit microprocessor called "Itanium" and literally got the whole company on board with it. Similarly, just as Copac, Deck, and Microsoft wanted to settle with MIP, and Apple, IBM, and Motorola wanted to settle with PowerPC, Intel made a fundamental decision to remove Pentium from production by the mid-2000s and transition off the entire Itanium platform. Itanium was not a simple microprocessor. It was literally a small program that ran directly inside the microprocessor and did not want to rely on a decoder system. The decoder was important in that it actually supported the operation of a large number of regular blocks and the microprocessor's FPU. As a result, Itanium was not easy to develop, at least initially, and performance suffered due to immature tools. On top of everything else, the chip was slow to hit the bazaar and was actually unimaginably expensive, so basically the trade press started calling it "Itanium" because it looked like it was actually drowning. Intel didn't pay any attention to all this, moving from Itanium to Opteron, but then changed their minds quickly.

              Last time, we left the topic of PC graphics, but the computer has a maximum resolution of 320 × 200 (official) or 360 × 480 (hacked), or the ability to display 256 colors in 16 colors at 640 × 480 resolutions. It was discovered and was very impressive at the time. However, the PC graphic function has grown with the development of technology. Immediately after the appearance of VGA, some video cards appeared and began to increase the number of colors at higher resolution. Manufacturers like ATIs have released the first super VGA card so that they can display 256 colors with a maximum resolution of 640 x 480 of VGA with twice the RAM of normal VGA.

              IBM PC

              • However, as a price for all these cards to be used immediately, we had to pay the price of standardization. Since each manufacturer used a different "mode of mode" for different screen resolutions and color depth, each DOS program had to prepare individual drivers for each card he wanted to support. NEC, one of the manufacturers (manufacturing a computer, but at the time, the hig h-end mult i-sync monitor was more famous) video to organize this confusion and develop a single super VGA standard. Established the Electronics Association.
              • First, VESA has developed standard modes that can be supported by any card, such as expanded high resolution mode and 256 color mode. Formally, 16 colors 800 x 600 mode, called Super VGA mode, have also been standardized. Although the visual quality remains questionable (since it was developed to make it easier to implement an existing VGA device, a scan with a 56Hz update was used a little), but this is a major event, especially Windows 3. 0. Soon after appearing. Furthermore, the standard interface of these modes, called Vesa BIOS EXTENSIONS or VBE, is provided to standardize the "mode number" and to support only one virtual "card" for DOS software. VBE was not widespread until the mi d-1990s, and at that time most systems switched to Windows 95 (using a unique video driver), but VBE support is still extremely extreme for DOS games, especially games that require hig h-resolution. It was important. The most famous version of SimCity 2000 for DOS and Windows 3. 1 comes with a universal VBE driver called Univbe, filling the gaps of cards released by 1994.
              • In 1991, S3 graphics proposed a graphics accelerator. However, without paying attention to the title, their graphic chips (their model number were mentioned to Porsche 911) were impressiv e-graphics was supplied and the window was opened quickly. , Graphics components were displayed on the screen and did not show the line behind the line. The secret of speed was that it actually sold with two luggage. Remember that we basically lacked the ability to make VGA? The S3 Accelerator has deleted this restriction from the list and modified it by selling BLITS (especially the title "Bitter-Britting"). Double buffering is also sold, functioning as a buffer before the output of the final result, making a fairly robust GP U-accelerator ratar in order to map it to a dedicated graphics lamb, and performs more soft animation. In fact, (faster) GPUs output graphics images to the buffer, VGA DAC (linked to monitor updates, resulting in a significant slower operation). Imported images, end-an extraction-and now displayed on the screen, so everything was immediately noticed. Almost all graphics adapter manufacturers have gained the chips and have begun to publish video paying with IGA DAC.
              • And in 1995, the 3D era came. However, with the Ulfenstein 3D, Duom and all kinds of clones, the pseud o-trendy graphics were already there, the rise of multimedia, and the 1995 "Toy's History" virtual reality. The first generation of the first generation of the first generation, the E-Terrain making computer aiming cinema, and the computer game players, were forced to hope to be closer to the real 3D. An emerging company named Nvidia has announced a 3D chip under the name NV1. The chips were immediately adopted in Diamond Technologies, and Diamond Technologies tried to put their own cards into the rich graphics accelerator market. This card had the opportunity to change both video cards and sound cards, and it turned out to be very impressive, such as how to give elegant and smooth 3D graphics, but that is the case. The unusual choice of a square training area that has been found to be losing is sent back to both NVIDIA and Diamond to draw boards, and DirectX is a classic triangle when it is ratified in return. I chose the training area.
              • Apart from this, even if NV1 treats 2D and 3D graphics perfectly (by using a unique API using a 4 side polygon), the sound codec situation in the card set is different, and the sound blasterter. I could not compare it with the cheapest (the sound blaster was a de facto option for the sound card at the time). This was a big task, as users are likely to remove existing sound cards to avoid accidents. In addition, there were sound cards that did not work correctly in DOS mode.
              • At that time, the only lucky company was 3DFX. Their chipset could handle 3D very well, but could not display 2D at all. They sophisticated solutions by communicating the card with the existing video card on the PC and combining the card graphic output with the 2D image generated by the existing card. However, the potential customers of this card have a PCI slot on the computer's motherboard, so the company's advertising department can make this a personality, which is ultimately popular. did. Eventually, the 3DFX has come up with the ideas of parallel and mult i-processing that supports VOODOO2 cards, making it possible to achieve excellent performance by combining two VOODOO2 cards.
              • The situation began to change in the new century. Until then, the ATI, which had been competing in the "Clone VGA Card" market, has recently decided to release a 3D chipset Rage line and take a new wave, and has become a ful l-fledged player in the 3D market. At that time, NVIDIA returned with RIVA chipset and grew up thanks to his luck, like his rival ATI. These companies, such as S3 and MATROX, were at the limit. Some companies, such as diamonds, have applied for bankruptcy, while others have withdrawn from the PC market like NEC. Note PowerVR GPU ultimately find new space in the buil t-in market. By the mi d-2000s, the 3D graphics became an essential requirement for a video card, and there were only two ATI and NVIDIA companies in the market. Eventually, AMD acquired ATI, NVIDIA acquired 3DFX, Intel (Intel has spread the word "chipset" and has become a specialist in graphic chip production for small computers After the acquisition, provided a personal graphic silicon built into the microcessor. AMD and NVIDIA are the main players in the 3D market.
                • After this, just before the new 10 years began, another change took place. Until now, video guys were for handling graphics. With the release of the GeForce graphics adapter, NVIDI A-the company has started another chang e-now, video payments have the ability to perform not only graphics but also generally targeted calculations. This is, for example, the computing power of the PC, for example, when the explosion on the screen occurs on the screen, as before, the problem of the microcessesa was calculated when calculating the flow line of the fragment. It is important to set it. This has achieved a major spending of microcessesa, and as a result, almost all games have simply led particles. Today, the microcessor has a function that requires video payments to execute particle physics when displaying explosions on the screen instead of drawing explosive particles. And as an auxiliary payment, cards have the ability to apply not only for physics but also for applyin g-it still has the ability to use power to enemy AI.
                • Since the 190s, the fame and performance of the graphic adapter rapidly increased. In modern games where graphic assembly stream is regarded as the main narrow space, it can be executed on a different monitor at the same time, and it was possible to easily create thre e-dimensional 3D and VR with a maximum of 8k resolution. The GPU has begun to be recognized for applications other than video games and graphics and businesses, and is now a calculation of hig h-scale models used here as a chat GPT, especially as a chat GPT. For products created by products that are considered to be the main modes and A. I., cryptocurrency and blockchain technology. The number of graphics adapters sold rapidly among purchasers during the COVID-19 epidemic, and in fact, attention to computer games and cryptocurrency increased rapidly. In fact, the concept of graphic microcesses, which is random and transparent applicable to all calculations, has become known among manufacturers, and the GPU has been further enhanced as an essential component for desktop computers. < SPAN> After that, just before the new 10 years began, another change took place. Until now, video guys were for handling graphics. With the release of the GeForce graphics adapter, NVIDI A-company has started another chang e-now video payments have the ability to perform not only graphics but also generally targeted calculations. This is, for example, the computing power of the PC, for example, when the explosion on the screen occurs on the screen, as before, the problem of the microcessesa was calculated when calculating the flow line of the fragment. It is important to set it. This has achieved a major spending of microcessesa, and as a result, almost all games have simply led particles. Today, the microcessor has a function that requires video payments to execute particle physics when displaying explosions on the screen instead of drawing explosive particles. And as an auxiliary payment, cards have the ability to apply not only for physics but also for applyin g-it still has the ability to use power to enemy AI.

                IBM PC/XT

                • Since the 190s, the fame and performance of the graphic adapter rapidly increased. In modern games where graphic assembly stream is regarded as the main narrow space, it can be executed on a different monitor at the same time, and it was possible to easily create thre e-dimensional 3D and VR with a maximum of 8k resolution. The GPU has begun to be recognized for applications other than video games and graphics and businesses, and is now a calculation of hig h-scale models used here as a chat GPT, especially as a chat GPT. For products created by products that are considered to be the main modes and A. I., cryptocurrency and blockchain technology. The number of graphics adapters sold rapidly among purchasers during the COVID-19 epidemic, and in fact, attention to computer games and cryptocurrency increased rapidly. In fact, the concept of graphic microcesses, which is random and transparent applicable to all calculations, has become known among manufacturers, and the GPU has been further enhanced as an essential component for desktop computers. After this, just before the new 10 years began, another change took place. Until now, video guys were for handling graphics. With the release of the GeForce graphics adapter, NVIDI A-the company has started another chang e-now, video payments have the ability to perform not only graphics but also generally targeted calculations. This is, for example, the computing power of the PC, for example, when the explosion on the screen occurs on the screen, as before, the problem of the microcessesa was calculated when calculating the flow line of the fragment. It is important to set it. This has achieved a major spending of microcessesa, and as a result, almost all games have simply led particles. Today, the microcessor has a function that requires video payments to execute particle physics when displaying explosions on the screen instead of drawing explosive particles. And as an auxiliary payment, cards have the ability to apply not only for physics but also for applyin g-it still has the ability to use power to enemy AI.
                • Since the 190s, the fame and performance of the graphic adapter rapidly increased. In modern games where graphic assembly stream is regarded as the main narrow space, it can be executed on a different monitor at the same time, and it was possible to easily create thre e-dimensional 3D and VR with a maximum of 8k resolution. The GPU has begun to be recognized for applications other than video games and graphics and businesses, and is now a calculation of hig h-scale models used here as a chat GPT, especially as a chat GPT. For products created by products that are considered to be the main modes and A. I., cryptocurrency and blockchain technology. The number of graphics adapters sold rapidly among purchasers during the COVID-19 epidemic, and in fact, attention to computer games and cryptocurrency increased rapidly. In fact, the concept of graphic microcesses, which is random and transparent applicable to all calculations, has become known among manufacturers, and the GPU has been further enhanced as an essential component for desktop computers.
                • Another drawback of a unique PC was the good support. Except for PC JR and Tandy clones, the audio function of the PC was only the basic pager, so it was the same as the standard Apple] [Unlike Apple II, the system timer 1-THE. By switching on the speaker, it was used as a unison synthesizer with a divider). The first recording PC audio device was Texas Instruments's SN76489, a clone of General Instruments AY-3-8910 for PCJR, which Tandy used for some of his PC compatible machines. However, SN76489 was exclusively for these computer models, and other machines could not get them as additional cards. The recorded "sound card" made for the existing PC is an IBM Speech Option card, which provides a set of computer telephone (later reused for voice therapy), which is a general consumer. Not for. However, the first sound card that was widely used was the OPL2 of Adlib, which was released simultaneously with the IBM Music Option card and Creative's Music System card. < SPAN> Another drawback of a unique PC was the good support. Except for PC JR and Tandy clones, the audio function of the PC was only the basic pager, so it was the same as the standard Apple] [Unlike Apple II, the system timer 1-THE. By switching on the speaker, it was used as a unison synthesizer with a divider). The first recording PC audio device was Texas Instruments's SN76489, a clone of General Instruments AY-3-8910 for PCJR, which Tandy used for some of his PC compatible machines. However, SN76489 was exclusively for these computer models, and other machines could not get them as additional cards. The recorded "sound card" made for the existing PC is an IBM Speech Option card, which provides a set of computer telephone (later reused for voice therapy), which is a general consumer. Not for. However, the first sound card that was widely used was the OPL2 of Adlib, which was released simultaneously with the IBM Music Option card and Creative's Music System card. Another drawback of a unique PC was the good support. Except for PC JR and Tandy clones, the audio function of the PC was only the basic pager, so it was the same as the standard Apple] [Unlike Apple II, the system timer 1-THE. By switching on the speaker, it was used as a unison synthesizer with a divider). The first recording PC audio device was Texas Instruments's SN76489, a clone of General Instruments AY-3-8910 for PCJR, which Tandy used for some of his PC compatible machines. However, SN76489 was exclusively for these computer models, and other machines could not get them as additional cards. The recorded "sound card" made for the existing PC is an IBM Speech Option card, which provides a set of computer telephone (later reused for voice therapy), which is a general consumer. Not for. However, the first sound card that was widely used was the OPL2 of Adlib, which was released simultaneously with the IBM Music Option card and Creative's Music System card.
                • However, the speech was a very bold device, the sound was a little more than when using Adlib in PSG mode, and the relatively low price was basically the same as the main player of computer games with the adlib card. It means that he had the opportunity to buy it, and in fact, what was more important was the opportunity to regenerate the BGM alongside the sound effects.
                • Eventually, both cards not only drop the shadow of Adlib and COVOX, but are not only one of the highest sound quality, but also microcessesa and game ports (for clones that they didn't have. The IB M-Machine has a game port, but many clones do not have it). In the later model, a CD-ROM connector was added, and the unique (some version of the sound blaster 16) had a CD-ROM drive with SCSI). But before this stage, almost all players were regarded as luxury of sound cards and CD-ROM drives, and most of them were only played with basic sounds. It wasn't enough to use joysticks, nor was a mouse. In this PC-ROM, PC games were not enough, and what actually came out was a compilation reprint or a "conversation" version of the dite game.
                • Later, the mist was delayed by Apple Macintosh. < SPAN> However, the speech was a very bold device, the sound was a little less than when using adlib in PSG mode, and the relatively low price is basically ADLIB for the popular players of computer games. It means that he had the opportunity to buy it with the card, and in fact, he provided the opportunity to play background music alongside the sound effects.

                IBM PCjr

                Eventually, both cards not only drop the shadow of Adlib and COVOX, but are not only one of the highest sound quality, but also microcessesa and game ports (for clones that they didn't have. The IB M-Machine has a game port, but many clones do not have it). In the later model, a CD-ROM connector was added, and the unique (some version of the sound blaster 16) had a CD-ROM drive with SCSI). But before this stage, almost all players were regarded as luxury of sound cards and CD-ROM drives, and most of them were only played with basic sounds. It wasn't enough to use joysticks, nor was a mouse. In this PC-ROM, PC games were not enough, and what actually came out was a compilation reprint or a "conversation" version of the dite game.
                • Later, the mist was delayed by Apple Macintosh. However, the speech was a very bold device, the sound was a little more than when using Adlib in PSG mode, and the relatively low price was basically the same as the main player of computer games with the adlib card. It means that he had the opportunity to buy it, and in fact, what was more important was the opportunity to regenerate the BGM alongside the sound effects.
                • Eventually, both cards not only drop the shadow of Adlib and COVOX, but are not only one of the highest sound quality, but also microcessesa and game ports (for clones that they didn't have. The IB M-Machine has a game port, but many clones do not have it). In the later model, a CD-ROM connector was added, and the unique (some version of the sound blaster 16) had a CD-ROM drive with SCSI). But before this stage, almost all players were regarded as luxury of sound cards and CD-ROM drives, and most of them were only played with basic sounds. It wasn't enough to use joysticks, nor was a mouse. In this PC-ROM, PC games were not enough, and what actually came out was a compilation reprint or a "conversation" version of the dite game.
                  • Later, the mist was delayed by Apple Macintosh.
                  • MyST was a great application for the PC platform sound card and CD-ROM drive (and it was probably a great application for Windows 3. 1, which was a great application for a PC platform mouse). As MyST had already gained a reputation among Mac gamers, PC gamers began to buy games and major hardware to see what their reputation was, and their advertising began to spread to the PC world. Over the night, almost all players changed their thoughts on the need for sound cards and CD-ROM drives, and gave them all at once to play this game (with Windows and Mouse). Almost all publishers began to launch a "voice enhancement" version of games on the CD-ROM, and almost all of the previously for Macs were ported to PCs. Copy of creative sound cards and other unique cards have begun to attract attention. Some of them go ahead of Creative, like Gravis Ultrasound, while others, like Opti Mozart. Of course, Trilobyte Software released "The 7th Guest" a few months ago, but most of the PC owners released this game on PC 1, which had no CD-ROM drive and sound card. I didn't get the first advertising effect that I had already had.

                  IBM PC/AT

                  • By 1996, it was clear that the future of the PC was changing. But there was a problem. The sound card had no clear standard, and these functions were very different, such as sampling rates, synthesizers, and the help of wave table. The sound blaster stereotype is the closest to the standard of the PC sound card that Creative Technologies patented, and companies are obliged to pay money to make card clones, and if not. There was a danger of being sued. As a result, Microsoft had to announce a stereotype called Windows Sound System. This stereotype is a rudimentary that all sound cards support one basic function, and Microsoft could create a universal driver that supports all sound cards. However, although this idea was not established on the contrary, some manufacturers liked it.
                  • In 1997, Intel proposed AC'97 stereotype. It was not a rudimentary stereotype, but a concrete shift. If the previous sound card was an arbitrarily added device, this shift shifted the sound chip from an additional charge to the parent payment itself, and made such an important update to the buil t-in (but it was (, but). The integrated soundboard is still a separate component that has the opportunity to act autonomously against AC'97 chips, so it is likely to have been added rather than an update). All semiconductor device manufacturers have adopted this idea. However, this specification has far exceeded that era: MIDI synthesizer was replaced by software synthesizers, and Windows was not yet optimized by mult i-media (in fact, a program that can access the sound card at that time). Was only one). The software synthesizer consumed the memory and power of the microcessesa, and the poor program was unable to play music while other programs were playing the sound. The worst was that I couldn't access the MS-DOS help. Immersive games have become popular, and players urgently demanded sound cards that support two or more speakers. In other words, the stereotype has been accepted by ordinary users, but the player avoided it, SoundBlaster Live! I liked a wonderful sound card like Aureal Vortex.
                    • In 2005, Intel released the HD audio stereotype and repeated this attempt to achieve a fairly large spar. At the same time, the buil t-in audio began to be evaluated by players as a sound key, and by 2013 it was no longer enough to make a sound card for buyers, and almost all sound cards from that time. , Reduced the load on the microcessor, the use of more consumers, the purity of the sound, and the hardware monitoring of the opponent's opponent in the FP S-game, it has become less interesting for these functions. 。 Among other things, some consumer cards have announced the existence of hardware-synthesizers, which are currently rare in PC sound equipment.
                    • Now, all types of PC-versions are regarded as the world's most famous platform for desktop computers, including scientific, high-level computing spheres, and only with a big leap in computing skills. And thank you for focusing on the energy savings performed by Pentium 4. A PC that supports more new components was implemented and went to the past. Most of them have failed in 1995, for example, as a PC platform, most of the probability of transition to MIPS or PowerPC, as a result, mainly covers RISC philosophy. Most of the Intel X86 models starting with Pentium Pro operated in the same way as the RISC processor, shared the minor "micro-operation" and X86 machine codes, and are virtually generated by microcessors and damaged. Due to the difference, the memo on the template became almost original for each memo.
                    • In addition to all the others, the rise of the clone led to what they literally noticed that they were literally similar to their friends, which were literally similar. This is a gimmick, such as the PC manufacturer, the PC maker, the aesthetics of the system (the above-mentioned ThinkPad was the first PC that refused the Universal Beige Box), and the 100x speed CD-ROM software. , I was forced to rely more on other extra accessories and other extra accessories. Under these criteria, new players were difficult to be confiscated by bazaar. Most of the new systems were more expensive than simple PCs, and were more likely to be accompanied by extra problems to transfer all software. Apple managed to survive due to his skillful advertising and the innovative design of the system, but eventually ran to the X86 in 2006.

                    IBM PS/2

                    In addition, experienced users have begun to assemble their own personal computers, unique to the completed machine. The number of users is increasing at the same speed, and in fact, most players are currently assembling personal personal PCs instead of purchasing a completed system under the brand. The industry of production equipment is also formulated as the most target of these users. Some manufacturers who have begun to produce read y-made computers have started to provide components autonomously, so that they can set their car specifications to their liking. Bazaar "GATHER YOURSELF" appeared relatively quietly in the late 1980s and exploded in the 1990s.

                    • Most X86 microcessors, such as Motorola 68000, Alpha, SPARC, MIPS, and ITANIUM, have completed their subsequent developments or moved to the incorporated system category. Most, such as Motorola 68000, Alpha, SPARC, MIPS, and Itanium, most of the subsequent developments have been completed and migrated to the category of embedded systems. However, since the mi d-2000s, the ARM processor's computational ability has been significantly improved, and it has become much more competitive than the X86 processor. Chips using ARM ISA have overwhelmingly share in consumer electronic devices over the years due to their clean system design and low power consumption, which is essential for batter y-driven devices. In contrast, Intel had a chance to adopt a different architecture in the microscessor's ATOM series, but it did not reach the performance of the ARM processor that competed. Intel finished the production of Atom System on Chips in 2020. Descendants of modern netbooks (2-in-1 convertible laptops like Surface and Lenovo Yoga) and Intel-based Chromebook are currently using regular Core Micro Phone processors. Intel microcessors are still occasionally seen on pure tablets that mainly use ARM. NVIDIA, Texas Instruments, Samsung and Apple chips indicate that the ARM chips are promising in the future. < SPAN> Most X86 microcessors, such as Motorolola 68000, Alpha, Sparc, MIPS, and Itanium, have completed the subsequent development or migrated to the incorporated system category. Most, such as Motorola 68000, Alpha, SPARC, MIPS, and Itanium, most of the subsequent developments have been completed and migrated to the category of embedded systems. However, since the mi d-2000s, the ARM processor's computational ability has been significantly improved, and it has become much more competitive than the X86 processor. Chips using ARM ISA have overwhelmingly share in consumer electronic devices over the years due to their clean system design and low power consumption, which is essential for batter y-driven devices. In contrast, Intel had a chance to adopt a different architecture in the microscessor's ATOM series, but it did not reach the performance of the ARM processor that competed. Intel finished the production of Atom System on Chips in 2020. Descendants of modern netbooks (2-in-1 convertible laptops like Surface and Lenovo Yoga) and Intel-based Chromebook are currently using regular Core Micro Phone processors. Intel microcessors are still occasionally seen on pure tablets that mainly use ARM. NVIDIA, Texas Instruments, Samsung and Apple chips indicate that the ARM chips are promising in the future. Most X86 microcessors, such as Motorola 68000, Alpha, SPARC, MIPS, and ITANIUM, have completed their subsequent developments or moved to the incorporated system category. Most, such as Motorola 68000, Alpha, SPARC, MIPS, and Itanium, most of the subsequent developments have been completed and migrated to the category of embedded systems. However, since the mi d-2000s, the ARM processor's computational ability has been significantly improved, and it has become much more competitive than the X86 processor. Chips using ARM ISA have overwhelmingly share in consumer electronic devices over the years due to their clean system design and low power consumption, which is essential for batter y-driven devices. In contrast, Intel had a chance to adopt a different architecture in the microscessor's ATOM series, but it did not reach the performance of the ARM processor that competed. Intel finished the production of Atom System on Chips in 2020. Descendants of modern netbooks (2-in-1 convertible laptops like Surface and Lenovo Yoga) and Intel-based Chromebook are currently using regular Core Micro Phone processors. Intel microcessors are still occasionally seen on pure tablets that mainly use ARM. NVIDIA, Texas Instruments, Samsung and Apple chips indicate that the ARM chips are promising in the future.
                      • In the second half, rumors of the "New 10S" implemented the fact that Apple hoped that he would move his desktop computer to ISA. Later, Apple was unable to confirm access, and the transition was actually held at the 2020 Global Maker Conference, and all Ma c-Computers would adopt ARM's personal development. I announced that. The ARM Micro processor was developed for desktop computers and was initially adopted by Archimedes, Acorn Computer in the UK. ARM initially meant Acorn RISC-MACHINE before A-Corn was out of business and ARM was established, but Apple did not want to see the name of his own enemy from a trader, so the title is advanced RISC-. Slightly changed to Machines. When Apple has changed it now, it means that the architecture actually executed an absolute circle.
                      • Note that IBM himself had a PC separation from a Chinese company Renovo in 2005 and forcibly withdrew from a computer business for individuals (this is why Lenovo is currently introducing ThinkPad).
                      • The platform has a lon g-term status, resulting in a public property, so hundreds of manufacturers (for example, as a major supplier who participated in the development of platforms, and the garage that collected their own personal cars. -There are almost all kinds of manufacturers, models, and configurations released by craftsmen, and as a result, they are manually collected, and as the only ordinary example , What other times will be presented here. The spectacular specimens, especially the IBM PCJR and Tandy 1000, and the console based on the architecture-PC (Xbox, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One) have their own personal pages.
                      • Open/ Close all folders
                      • Original IBM car
                      • In fact, in most of the platforms under the control of IBM, these computers are most focused on business users, and all kinds of entertainment functions, such as sound, mult i-media, and accelerator graphics. It became clear that it was left to the outsiders. IBM basically ignored this bazaar completely.

                      IBM PS/1

                      • The Intel 8088 processor works at a frequency of 4, 77 MHz.
                      • Additional mathematics guidance Intel 8087
                      • It can be expanded to 640k with 64k RAM. There is also an expansion system that can be filled up to 736K if MDA is used. In the later program, the addition of an additional RAM Micro circuit to expand the machine to 640k, making it possible to return to the CGA display using the UMA memory system. Memory can be increased using the EMS-memory card inserted in the expansion slot. Each card can hold up to 2MB of EMS memory, use a bank switching, and exchange data in a specially assigned memory area of ​​1 MB or less above the conventional 640 kiloby area of ​​RAM.
                      • 5 8-bit expansion slots
                      • Keyboard and cassette port
                      • Optional 5¼ inch floppy disk is one or two-Initially, one side density is 160k.
                        • MDA (80 × 25 text only, flash, bold, video emphasis) or CGA (text 80 × 25 or 40 × 25 16 colors, 320 × 200 6 pallets and 4 colors (hidden 4 colors and hidden) 2 colors), 640 x 200 monochrome) was possible;

                        IBM Aptiva and NetVista lines, and the PC line revisited

                        Text mode CGA 80 × 25 was humorous. Unlike the same MDA mode, only 7x7 remains in the symbol itself, considering the separation between the letters and the row, using 8x8 matrix for one symbol. The resolution of the MDA-symbolic tile is 9x14, at least there is no similar product until VGA appears, and at the time, the brightness and readability of exceptional letters were realized, and the initial used as an administrative car was mainly used. It contributed to the growth of the models sold. On the other hand, the CGA character was ugly, the particles were rough, and it could not be read. Some clone makers (mainly compucks and AT & amp; mp; mp; mp; t/ Olivetti) operate at 720 x 350 resolutions and use MDA symbols, or 640 x 400. The situation was corrected by providing dual scan mode (at & amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; < SPAN> 64K RAM can be expanded to 640k. There is also an expansion system that can be filled up to 736K if MDA is used. In the later program, the addition of an additional RAM Micro circuit to expand the machine to 640k, making it possible to return to the CGA display using the UMA memory system. Memory can be increased using the EMS-memory card inserted in the expansion slot. Each card can hold up to 2MB of EMS memory, use a bank switching, and exchange data in a specially assigned memory area of ​​1 MB or less above the conventional 640 kiloby area of ​​RAM.

                        5 8-bit expansion slots

                        • Keyboard and cassette port
                        • Optional 5¼ inch floppy disk is one or two-Initially, one side density is 160k.
                        • MDA (80 × 25 text only, flash, bold, video emphasis) or CGA (text 80 × 25 or 40 × 25 16 colors, 320 × 200 6 pallets and 4 colors (hidden 4 colors and hidden) 2 colors), 640 x 200 monochrome) was possible;
                        • Text mode CGA 80 × 25 was humorous. Unlike the same MDA mode, only 7x7 remains in the symbol itself, considering the separation between the letters and the row, using a 8x8 matrix for one symbol. The resolution of the MDA-symbolic tile is 9x14, at least there is no similar product until VGA appears, and at the time, the brightness and readability of exceptional letters were realized, and the initial used as an administrative car was mainly used. It contributed to the growth of the models sold. On the other hand, the CGA character was ugly, the particles were rough, and it could not be read. Some clone makers (mainly compucks and AT & amp; mp; mp; mp; t/ Olivetti) operate at 720 x 350 resolutions and use MDA symbols, or 640 x 400. The situation was corrected by providing dual scan mode (at & amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; It can be expanded to 640k with 64k RAM. There is also an expansion system that can be filled up to 736K if MDA is used. In the later program, the addition of an additional RAM Micro circuit to expand the machine to 640k, making it possible to return to the CGA display using the UMA memory system. Memory can be increased using the EMS-memory card inserted in the expansion slot. Each card can hold up to 2MB of EMS memory, use a bank switching, and exchange data in a specially assigned memory area of ​​1 MB or less above the conventional 640 kiloby area of ​​RAM.
                        • 5 8-bit expansion slots
                          • Keyboard and cassette port

                          Magazines

                          Games (by no means an exhaustive list):

                          Optional 5¼ inch floppy disk is one or two-Initially, one side density is 160k.

                          MDA (80 × 25 text only, flash, bold, video emphasis) or CGA (text 80 × 25 or 40 × 25 16 colors, 320 × 200 6 pallets and 4 colors (hidden 4 colors and hidden) 2 colors), 640 x 200 monochrome) was possible;

                          Text mode CGA 80 × 25 was humorous. Unlike the same MDA mode, only 7x7 remains in the symbol itself, considering the separation between the letters and the row, using 8x8 matrix for one symbol. The resolution of the MDA-symbolic tile is 9x14, at least there is no similar product until VGA appears, and at the time, the brightness and readability of exceptional letters were realized, and the initial used as an administrative car was mainly used. It contributed to the growth of the models sold. On the other hand, the CGA character was ugly, the particles were rough, and it could not be read. Some clone makers (mainly compucks and AT & amp; mp; mp; mp; t/ Olivetti) operate at 720 x 350 resolutions and use MDA symbols, or 640 x 400. The situation was corrected by providing dual scan mode (at & amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp;

                          It was possible to use a CGA card and an MDA card simultaneously, creating the first example of a multi-screen setup. Some programs could benefit from the presence of both cards (like SignMaster, where most of the editing work is done on the MDA screen, but when a rendering command is called, the program switches to the CGA screen to create the final version). Some do glitchy or interesting things; for example, they display text on the MDA screen, but images on the CGA screen (like an early pinball video game called Wizard, which displays the score and remaining lives on the MDA screen, but the pinball on the CGA display, while the game board is displayed on the CGA display), some games simply do not start, leading to a system crash.

                          The commercial IBM XT used the same processor as the PC (Intel or AMD 8088 with a frequency of 4, 77 MHz). Some clones changed this to a full 16-bit 8086, and later "Turbo XT" motherboards ran an 8088 or 8086 at 7, 16, 8, 9, 54, or 10 MHz. As with its predecessor, an optional 8087 math coprocessor could be added.

                          • Standard RAM was 128KB or 256KB, up to 640KB on-board or 736KB with an MDA adapter, and like the original PC, could be expanded further using EMS memory cards. Later programs used the UMA memory circuit to allow backloading with a CGA display, provided additional RAM chips were installed to expand the machine to 640K.
                          • Floppy disks were double-sided, with a capacity of 320K (360K in PC/MS-DOS 2. 0 and later versions).
                          • There were eight expansion slots, all 8-bit. The slot closest to the processor was technically reserved for an Expansion Chassis Interface card, which had peculiarities in timing and addressing that prevented other cards from working. Some clones (notably the Olivetti M24/AT& T PC 6300) tried to extend the expansion bus to 16 bits, but this was never standardized and had to wait for the PC/AT (see below).
                          • Third-party options included the Plus Hardcard (the first drives were 25mm thick, "1/3 high", and thin enough to take up only one slot) and early SCSI implementations.
                          

                          Elim Rim - Journalist, creative writer

                          Last modified 07.02.2025

                          Mauer Der Toten map is live and it's time to look for Bunnies around the map. Here's your guide to Disco Bunny Mauer Der Toten Easter Egg. Read about the 40 best attractions and cities to stop in between Berlin and Dunkirk, including places like Amsterdam, Cologne Cathedral, and Miniatur. This thesis investigates Goth culture (in the widest sense, including Post-Punk, New Wave, and New Romantic scenes, genres and styles) in.